Shakespeares greatest works Essay Example

Shakespeares greatest works Essay The aim of the paper is the discussion of the four language conventions used by Shakespeare in his three works – Hamlet, King Lear and The Tempest. It is necessary to look at these literary means as the ways of expressing certain ideas and achieving the emotional goals of the works.SoliloquySoliloquy is one of the four Shakespeares conventions and the one through which he not only describes inner thoughts and feelings of his characters, but the one which he uses in all three of his works making them the basis for judging these characters. If we pay attention to the scene 2 of the first act of King Lear, we will face the soliloquy pronounced by Edmund. The scene describes Edmund as talking loud to him; this soliloquy is means to describe the unhappiness which Edmund feels inside. He feels that as each of brothers is loves equally, each of them should also have the equal share of the bounty; through this soliloquy he questions himself why he is not treated as his brother is.When my dimensions are as well compact,My mind as generous, and my shape as true,An honest madam’s issue? Why brand they usWith base? With baseness? Bastardy? Base, base? (Act I Scene 2 lines 7–10)The soliloquy here is also used as a literary instrument for the contemplation of Edmund; it should be noted that soliloquy as such is often used for the public to know the inner thoughts and doubts of their characters. While in appearance the character may look as innocent and rather kind in his actions, soliloquy often becomes the discovery of the traits which are usually concealed from the reader; in the present case Edmund is depicted as being a villain without any sympathy or conscience. Language is extremely important in this scene.In The Tempest one should address the soliloquy which Shakespeare uses in the second act, relating to Caliban and Prospero.All the infections that the sun sucks upFrom bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall and make himBy inch-meal a disease! His spi rits hear meAnd yet I needs must curse. But theyll nor pinch,Fright me with urchinshows, pitch me i the mire,Nor lead me, like a firebrand, in the darkOut of my way, unless he bid em; butFor every trifle are they set upon me;Sometime like apes that mow and chatter at meAnd after bite me, then like hedgehogs whichLie tumbling in my barefoot way and mountTheir pricks at my footfall; sometime am IAll wound with adders who with cloven tonguesDo hiss me into madness.Again as in the previous work, the author uses this soliloquy for the discovery of the inner thoughts and ideas which the character carries inside. Though it may be thought that the aside could serve this purpose better than soliloquy, but it is still evident that soliloquies in the Shakespeares plays play the major role of making the audience aware of the character traits participants possess; moreover, in the present play Caliban curses Prospero and makes his animosity seen; while Caliban has only briefly appeared in the Ac t I of the play, the present soliloquy is the first attempt of Shakespeare to give the reader ideas about the image of Caliban and his real role in the play. Through this soliloquy Caliban appears as the person who is not ruled by the civilized laws, but by wild laws of nature; in this relation soliloquy plays the best part and lets the reader see these implications without any difficulty.The role of soliloquy in Hamlet should not be underestimated; moreover, in this play soliloquy plays so great role in making the plot that it can be considered to be the most meaningful device of all three plays described here. The famous To be or not to be†¦ does not even need to be cited, but it should be thoroughly analyzed to understand its meaning for the whole play. Soliloquy as such and as it has already been noted, is a very important literary device, but in Hamlet it acquires additional meaning through the popular debate which it causes; while the soliloquies which have already been d iscussed here bear the clear meaning and just add knowledge about the characters for the reader to understand the plot, soliloquy in Hamlet is the central action of the play and bears so many implications and discoveries that it may also be supposed to be one of the plays culminations. Hamlets soliloquy absolutely turns the impression which he creates about himself throughout the play. Seeming to be indecisive and uncertain in his knowledge of life, this soliloquy is the sign of major inner fight, the fight between life and death, the life of action and the life of silent acceptance. When he says whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune – this appears to be sign of the alternative which we should call here not to be, while the line to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them is the alternative which we should call here to be.I guess that Shakespeare was leading the reader to this soliloquy through the whole play; he was trying to make the reader prepared to this soliloquy, but no matter how one could be prepared to this turn of events, the soliloquy and its implications strike; the use of this literary device in this place was so appropriate that the soliloquy itself is well known more than the whole play is. It is not denied that soliloquies were used by Shakespeare in many of his plays, may be even in all of them, but as we here speak only of three of them, the judgment and evaluation may relate to only these three works.AsidesAside is another interesting literary device, and it is different from the soliloquy. The difference lies in the fact that while soliloquy is spoken to the public while the actor is alone at the stage, the aside is spoken by the actor in the presence of other actors, creating the impression that the speaker does not want other actors hear what he speaks, and this device is often commented upon by the play writers themselves, putting the word aside into the speech, t hus making the reader understand the situation. Sometimes asides are spoken by the actor to the audience and to himself; sometimes they are spoken to some actors on the stage but not to all present there. In Shakespeare asides appear even more often than soliloquies do, and this is why it will be appropriate to consider the three plays discussed in the light of this literary device.Reading Hamlet, it becomes evident that asides here play different roles and fulfill different functions; sometimes they are used for irony, sometimes they are used for premonitions of the future events and actions; sometimes (and most of the time) they serve as the way to look inside the character the actor plays (and in this asides are very similar with the soliloquies) because the words and thoughts which the character expresses to himself and not to others are very meaningful for the understanding of the character and the plot. A little more than kin, and less than kind (Act I, scene 2, line 66) †“ this is the first aside which we face in Hamlet, and which is uttered by Hamlet. This aside here is used for the description of the real feelings Hamlet has towards the King. Aside is the means of reading the psychology of the character. While Hamlet says Thats wormwood – it appears to be a kind of play within the play. This aside was a response of hamlet to the play queen, and the play queen had just said that she would not remarry. The aside shows disbelief of Hamlet in queens words, and simultaneously serves as breaking queens words, as well as the picture of how Hamlet sees women in general.King Lear is especially rich in asides; asides are the devices used in the work for the depiction of Cordelias doubts and her inability to express feelings and thoughts openly; this is why she often speaks aside and aside becomes the principal means of her expression. For example:Cordelia. [Aside]. What shall Coredlia speak? Love, and be silent. (Act I, scene I,lines 63-64) orCorde lia. [Aside] Then poor Cordelia!And not so, since I am sure my lovesMore ponderous than my tongue.'(Act I, scene I, lines 78-80)While Cordelia sincerely loves her father, she also understands that being honest with him in terms of her feelings would not please him, this is why the aside becomes here the only means of making the audience aware of Cordelias true feelings without letting her father know about them.Many asides are seen in The Tempest (Act 3, scene 3): ANTONIO[Aside to SEBASTIAN] I am right glad that hes soout of hope.Do not, for one repulse, forego the purposeThat you resolved to effect.SEBASTIAN[Aside to ANTONIO] The next advantageWill we take throughly.ANTONIO[Aside to SEBASTIAN] Let it be to-night;For, now they are oppressd with travel, theyWill not, nor cannot, use such vigilanceAs when they are fresh.SEBASTIAN[Aside to ANTONIO] I say, to-night: no more.Solemn and strange musicThough the whole play written by Shakespeare leads us to the outcome when plotting by Seba stian and Antonio against Prospero does not work out and is absolutely powerless against Prosperos magic, the use of these asides is essential for the understanding of the plotting as such and the way the thoughts of both Antonio and Sebastian go. They are not able to speak loud not to be discovered for their plans, and in order for the reader to understand that they still keep to the idea of winning the fight against Prospero.Disease imageryImagery and the creation of the mental picture is one more literary convention used by Shakespeare in his three plays which we describe here. It should be admitted that The Tempest was difficult to be characterized by the presence of any disease imagery, but both Hamlet and King Lear are full of disease imageries.The creation of this mental picture goes through a very thorough choice of words, this is why this literary convention is one of the most complex and meaningful. Some strong images of disease appear in King Lear when the King curses Gon eril. Being furious, he wants different crippling diseases to Infect her beauty†¦ strike her young bones†¦with lameness. (Act II) The similar disease imagery touches Lear himself, when he speaks about himself noting that it is a disease that’s in my flesh Which I must needs call mine. (Act II)Disease imagery is interesting in King Lear as it turns the fairy tale upside down, and makes it realistic and tragic.The disease imagery in Hamlet is the instrument of constant reminding the reader the core problem of the play which Shakespeare wanted to carry in the basic meaning of this play: poisoning of King Hamlet by his brother. This is the reason why Hamlet creates so many images connected with murder, disease and poisoning – this issue is always on Hamlets mind. The number of sickness images in Hamlet is higher than in any other play. There is a serious presence of the disease imageries which are related to Hamlets sickness and different ideas connected with tum or and ulcer, which is expressed in the moral corruption of the Danish Court. The use of the disease imagery in any play, and especially in Hamlet is the sign of showing the feelings of horror, powerlessness and disgust perceived by the characters (in our case they are mostly perceived by Hamlet).diseases desperate grownBy desperate appliance are relieved,Or not at all, [Act IV Scene 3 line 9]Orskin and film the ulcerous placeWhiles rank corruption, mining all withinInfects unseen. [Act III scene 4 line 147]The general trend in the use of disease imagery not only in Hamlet, but in King Lear as well, is symbolic, because Hamlet and other characters going through the images of diseases which follow them through the play, have to pay some price to get rid of these images and to be cured of them (full body of the infected world – as Shakespeare himself puts it. The aim of disease imagery in both plays is the creation of the atmosphere of the total darkness, cold and isolated, in which a person would feel absolutely sick.The principal disease images found in Hamlet can be listed as follows:-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in the first Act one finds he premonition that the tragedy would take place and the reader is getting prepared to it. This disease imagery is used through the appearances of the Ghost – the killed king, which is interpreted as the prediction of the line of bad signs and dangers which the State would face in the nearest future.-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   moon `was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse [Act I scene 1 line 120] says Horatio, as he describes the conditions in Rome just before the murder of Julius Caesar. He believes that the appearance of the Ghost is a portent to Denmark, as the sick moon was to Rome.-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One can also find the aversion against sexuality in the play, and this aversion is also depicted through the use of the disease imagery. The cause of this disease imagery is the marriage if hamlets mother to Claudius at the time when such marriages were supposed to be incestuous. The mere fact of such marriage becomes the reason of Hamlets disease images which go through his mind through the whole play.will but skin and film the ulcerous place,Whiles rank corruption, mining all withinInfects unseen ´ [Act III scene 4 line 147]Structural climaxThe structural climax is the integral part of any dramatic structure, and thus we will try to find this climax in all three plays, as in case we assume any of the three plays lacks it, it would have the incomplete structure.The Act V (scene 2) is the climax of the Hamlets play. The reasons for assuming so are several. It is notable that the play begins with Hamlets contemplation of his presence and time in Denmark; in the fifth act the reader sees absolutely new Hamlet, without any indecisiveness and without any more expressions of self-approach. The very climax takes place through the fencing match; during th is match Queen Gertrude makes some workd expressions as soon as the match begins, and what followed these expressions is the climax of the play – Laertes is allowed to express twinges of conscience just before he is able to wound Hamlet; but as soon as he himself is wounded to death, he is able to admit that his treachery had become the reasons of Hamlets death. Demands of the plot at this point of its resolution, in part, explain Laertes free confession and accusation.   But it is not inappropriate that Laertes, who shortly before had declared that he stood aloof from Hamlet in terms of honor and then faced the Prince armed with an unblunted and poisoned rapier, should be allowed to retrieve himself through full confession.   Claudius must, and does, remain the rascal of the piece.Now cracks a noble heart.   Good night, sweet prince,And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest. (Act 5, scene 2)For most of us, the Prince emerges finally as sacrificial victim, one whose death is inevitable but which makes possible the purging of great evil and the restoration of a moral universe.Thus, the structural climax here is the means of Shakespeare to show us the real inner world of Hamlet and to give us the realistic notions of his behavior, as well as decoding the implications which have been included into the play through other literary devices, especially the disease imagery.The climax of a play or another narrative work, such as a short story or a novel, can be defined as the turning point at which the conflict begins to resolve itself for better or worse, or as the final and most exciting event in a series of events. The climax in King Lear occurs, according to the first definition, when Lear leaves Gloucesters castle during a violent storm after being rejected by his evil daughters, Goneril and Regan. According to the second definition, the climax occurs in the final act, when Goneril, Regan, and Edmund die and Lear comes to his senses, then falls and dies on the body of innocent Cordelia, who has been executed.The climax in The Tempest occurs, according to the first definition, in Act III, Scene III, when Ariel (appearing as a Harpy, a mythological monster with the head of a woman and the body of a bird) reveals Antonio, Alonso, and Sebastian as sinners who conspired to remove Prospero from his dukedom. According to the second definition, the climax occurs at the end of Act V when Ferdinand and his father are reunited, and all the enemies in the play become friends. You are three men of sin, whom Destiny,That hath to instrument this lower worldAnd what is int, the never-surfeited seaHath caused to belch up you; and on this islandWhere man doth not inhabit; you mongst menBeing most unfit to live. I have made you mad;And even with such-like valour men hang and drownTheir proper selves. (Act III, scene 3)ConclusionThe use of the Shakespeares four main literary conventions (soliloquy, aside, disease imagery and structural climax) a re the means of making the plays brighter and more understandable to the reader; moreover, these literary devices dont make the works understandable literally – they just clarify the implications which every author puts into his works. Shakespeare is not an exception – the deep sense of every word and sentence of the three plays described in the present work could not be revealed without using these literary conventions.Different literary conventions have different aims; while soliloquy is the analogy of the monologue (through the contemplation of the character actor on the scene, without any other actors present at the stage at this time), the aside, for example, is used with the presence of other actors, intentionally avoiding them to hear what the actor speaks, but making it heard by the audience. In this way the thoughts and contemplations of the character are seen as secret to other play participants. This is very beneficial device for the author when depicting th e plots in the plays (as it has been done in The Tempest).King Lear and Hamlet are very bright for the use of disease imagery, and this imagery goes as a whole line through both plays. This device is meant at depicting the inner world of the main characters, being morally sick, full of doubts and moral tortures.While the three previously described literary conventions can be avoided in any work of writing and are used by authors depending on what meaning they would like to carry to the reader, structural climax is the integral part of any play and is a part of the plays dramatic structure. This device is found in all three plays considered here and sometimes it is used for showing the characters of the play in the new (sometimes absolutely opposite) light.Works citedShakespeare, William   Hamlet. 1610. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. 10 May2007. http://shakespeare.mit.edu/hamlet/full.html Shakespeares greatest works Essay Example Shakespeares greatest works Essay The aim of the paper is the discussion of the four language conventions used by Shakespeare in his three works – Hamlet, King Lear and The Tempest. It is necessary to look at these literary means as the ways of expressing certain ideas and achieving the emotional goals of the works.SoliloquySoliloquy is one of the four Shakespeares conventions and the one through which he not only describes inner thoughts and feelings of his characters, but the one which he uses in all three of his works making them the basis for judging these characters. If we pay attention to the scene 2 of the first act of King Lear, we will face the soliloquy pronounced by Edmund. The scene describes Edmund as talking loud to him; this soliloquy is means to describe the unhappiness which Edmund feels inside. He feels that as each of brothers is loves equally, each of them should also have the equal share of the bounty; through this soliloquy he questions himself why he is not treated as his brother is.When my dimensions are as well compact,My mind as generous, and my shape as true,An honest madam’s issue? Why brand they usWith base? With baseness? Bastardy? Base, base? (Act I Scene 2 lines 7–10)The soliloquy here is also used as a literary instrument for the contemplation of Edmund; it should be noted that soliloquy as such is often used for the public to know the inner thoughts and doubts of their characters. While in appearance the character may look as innocent and rather kind in his actions, soliloquy often becomes the discovery of the traits which are usually concealed from the reader; in the present case Edmund is depicted as being a villain without any sympathy or conscience. Language is extremely important in this scene.In The Tempest one should address the soliloquy which Shakespeare uses in the second act, relating to Caliban and Prospero.All the infections that the sun sucks upFrom bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall and make himBy inch-meal a disease! His spi rits hear meAnd yet I needs must curse. But theyll nor pinch,Fright me with urchinshows, pitch me i the mire,Nor lead me, like a firebrand, in the darkOut of my way, unless he bid em; butFor every trifle are they set upon me;Sometime like apes that mow and chatter at meAnd after bite me, then like hedgehogs whichLie tumbling in my barefoot way and mountTheir pricks at my footfall; sometime am IAll wound with adders who with cloven tonguesDo hiss me into madness.Again as in the previous work, the author uses this soliloquy for the discovery of the inner thoughts and ideas which the character carries inside. Though it may be thought that the aside could serve this purpose better than soliloquy, but it is still evident that soliloquies in the Shakespeares plays play the major role of making the audience aware of the character traits participants possess; moreover, in the present play Caliban curses Prospero and makes his animosity seen; while Caliban has only briefly appeared in the Ac t I of the play, the present soliloquy is the first attempt of Shakespeare to give the reader ideas about the image of Caliban and his real role in the play. Through this soliloquy Caliban appears as the person who is not ruled by the civilized laws, but by wild laws of nature; in this relation soliloquy plays the best part and lets the reader see these implications without any difficulty.The role of soliloquy in Hamlet should not be underestimated; moreover, in this play soliloquy plays so great role in making the plot that it can be considered to be the most meaningful device of all three plays described here. The famous To be or not to be†¦ does not even need to be cited, but it should be thoroughly analyzed to understand its meaning for the whole play. Soliloquy as such and as it has already been noted, is a very important literary device, but in Hamlet it acquires additional meaning through the popular debate which it causes; while the soliloquies which have already been d iscussed here bear the clear meaning and just add knowledge about the characters for the reader to understand the plot, soliloquy in Hamlet is the central action of the play and bears so many implications and discoveries that it may also be supposed to be one of the plays culminations. Hamlets soliloquy absolutely turns the impression which he creates about himself throughout the play. Seeming to be indecisive and uncertain in his knowledge of life, this soliloquy is the sign of major inner fight, the fight between life and death, the life of action and the life of silent acceptance. When he says whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune – this appears to be sign of the alternative which we should call here not to be, while the line to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them is the alternative which we should call here to be.I guess that Shakespeare was leading the reader to this soliloquy through the whole play; he was trying to make the reader prepared to this soliloquy, but no matter how one could be prepared to this turn of events, the soliloquy and its implications strike; the use of this literary device in this place was so appropriate that the soliloquy itself is well known more than the whole play is. It is not denied that soliloquies were used by Shakespeare in many of his plays, may be even in all of them, but as we here speak only of three of them, the judgment and evaluation may relate to only these three works.AsidesAside is another interesting literary device, and it is different from the soliloquy. The difference lies in the fact that while soliloquy is spoken to the public while the actor is alone at the stage, the aside is spoken by the actor in the presence of other actors, creating the impression that the speaker does not want other actors hear what he speaks, and this device is often commented upon by the play writers themselves, putting the word aside into the speech, t hus making the reader understand the situation. Sometimes asides are spoken by the actor to the audience and to himself; sometimes they are spoken to some actors on the stage but not to all present there. In Shakespeare asides appear even more often than soliloquies do, and this is why it will be appropriate to consider the three plays discussed in the light of this literary device.Reading Hamlet, it becomes evident that asides here play different roles and fulfill different functions; sometimes they are used for irony, sometimes they are used for premonitions of the future events and actions; sometimes (and most of the time) they serve as the way to look inside the character the actor plays (and in this asides are very similar with the soliloquies) because the words and thoughts which the character expresses to himself and not to others are very meaningful for the understanding of the character and the plot. A little more than kin, and less than kind (Act I, scene 2, line 66) †“ this is the first aside which we face in Hamlet, and which is uttered by Hamlet. This aside here is used for the description of the real feelings Hamlet has towards the King. Aside is the means of reading the psychology of the character. While Hamlet says Thats wormwood – it appears to be a kind of play within the play. This aside was a response of hamlet to the play queen, and the play queen had just said that she would not remarry. The aside shows disbelief of Hamlet in queens words, and simultaneously serves as breaking queens words, as well as the picture of how Hamlet sees women in general.King Lear is especially rich in asides; asides are the devices used in the work for the depiction of Cordelias doubts and her inability to express feelings and thoughts openly; this is why she often speaks aside and aside becomes the principal means of her expression. For example:Cordelia. [Aside]. What shall Coredlia speak? Love, and be silent. (Act I, scene I,lines 63-64) orCorde lia. [Aside] Then poor Cordelia!And not so, since I am sure my lovesMore ponderous than my tongue.'(Act I, scene I, lines 78-80)While Cordelia sincerely loves her father, she also understands that being honest with him in terms of her feelings would not please him, this is why the aside becomes here the only means of making the audience aware of Cordelias true feelings without letting her father know about them.Many asides are seen in The Tempest (Act 3, scene 3): ANTONIO[Aside to SEBASTIAN] I am right glad that hes soout of hope.Do not, for one repulse, forego the purposeThat you resolved to effect.SEBASTIAN[Aside to ANTONIO] The next advantageWill we take throughly.ANTONIO[Aside to SEBASTIAN] Let it be to-night;For, now they are oppressd with travel, theyWill not, nor cannot, use such vigilanceAs when they are fresh.SEBASTIAN[Aside to ANTONIO] I say, to-night: no more.Solemn and strange musicThough the whole play written by Shakespeare leads us to the outcome when plotting by Seba stian and Antonio against Prospero does not work out and is absolutely powerless against Prosperos magic, the use of these asides is essential for the understanding of the plotting as such and the way the thoughts of both Antonio and Sebastian go. They are not able to speak loud not to be discovered for their plans, and in order for the reader to understand that they still keep to the idea of winning the fight against Prospero.Disease imageryImagery and the creation of the mental picture is one more literary convention used by Shakespeare in his three plays which we describe here. It should be admitted that The Tempest was difficult to be characterized by the presence of any disease imagery, but both Hamlet and King Lear are full of disease imageries.The creation of this mental picture goes through a very thorough choice of words, this is why this literary convention is one of the most complex and meaningful. Some strong images of disease appear in King Lear when the King curses Gon eril. Being furious, he wants different crippling diseases to Infect her beauty†¦ strike her young bones†¦with lameness. (Act II) The similar disease imagery touches Lear himself, when he speaks about himself noting that it is a disease that’s in my flesh Which I must needs call mine. (Act II)Disease imagery is interesting in King Lear as it turns the fairy tale upside down, and makes it realistic and tragic.The disease imagery in Hamlet is the instrument of constant reminding the reader the core problem of the play which Shakespeare wanted to carry in the basic meaning of this play: poisoning of King Hamlet by his brother. This is the reason why Hamlet creates so many images connected with murder, disease and poisoning – this issue is always on Hamlets mind. The number of sickness images in Hamlet is higher than in any other play. There is a serious presence of the disease imageries which are related to Hamlets sickness and different ideas connected with tum or and ulcer, which is expressed in the moral corruption of the Danish Court. The use of the disease imagery in any play, and especially in Hamlet is the sign of showing the feelings of horror, powerlessness and disgust perceived by the characters (in our case they are mostly perceived by Hamlet).diseases desperate grownBy desperate appliance are relieved,Or not at all, [Act IV Scene 3 line 9]Orskin and film the ulcerous placeWhiles rank corruption, mining all withinInfects unseen. [Act III scene 4 line 147]The general trend in the use of disease imagery not only in Hamlet, but in King Lear as well, is symbolic, because Hamlet and other characters going through the images of diseases which follow them through the play, have to pay some price to get rid of these images and to be cured of them (full body of the infected world – as Shakespeare himself puts it. The aim of disease imagery in both plays is the creation of the atmosphere of the total darkness, cold and isolated, in which a person would feel absolutely sick.The principal disease images found in Hamlet can be listed as follows:-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in the first Act one finds he premonition that the tragedy would take place and the reader is getting prepared to it. This disease imagery is used through the appearances of the Ghost – the killed king, which is interpreted as the prediction of the line of bad signs and dangers which the State would face in the nearest future.-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   moon `was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse [Act I scene 1 line 120] says Horatio, as he describes the conditions in Rome just before the murder of Julius Caesar. He believes that the appearance of the Ghost is a portent to Denmark, as the sick moon was to Rome.-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One can also find the aversion against sexuality in the play, and this aversion is also depicted through the use of the disease imagery. The cause of this disease imagery is the marriage if hamlets mother to Claudius at the time when such marriages were supposed to be incestuous. The mere fact of such marriage becomes the reason of Hamlets disease images which go through his mind through the whole play.will but skin and film the ulcerous place,Whiles rank corruption, mining all withinInfects unseen ´ [Act III scene 4 line 147]Structural climaxThe structural climax is the integral part of any dramatic structure, and thus we will try to find this climax in all three plays, as in case we assume any of the three plays lacks it, it would have the incomplete structure.The Act V (scene 2) is the climax of the Hamlets play. The reasons for assuming so are several. It is notable that the play begins with Hamlets contemplation of his presence and time in Denmark; in the fifth act the reader sees absolutely new Hamlet, without any indecisiveness and without any more expressions of self-approach. The very climax takes place through the fencing match; during th is match Queen Gertrude makes some workd expressions as soon as the match begins, and what followed these expressions is the climax of the play – Laertes is allowed to express twinges of conscience just before he is able to wound Hamlet; but as soon as he himself is wounded to death, he is able to admit that his treachery had become the reasons of Hamlets death. Demands of the plot at this point of its resolution, in part, explain Laertes free confession and accusation.   But it is not inappropriate that Laertes, who shortly before had declared that he stood aloof from Hamlet in terms of honor and then faced the Prince armed with an unblunted and poisoned rapier, should be allowed to retrieve himself through full confession.   Claudius must, and does, remain the rascal of the piece.Now cracks a noble heart.   Good night, sweet prince,And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest. (Act 5, scene 2)For most of us, the Prince emerges finally as sacrificial victim, one whose death is inevitable but which makes possible the purging of great evil and the restoration of a moral universe.Thus, the structural climax here is the means of Shakespeare to show us the real inner world of Hamlet and to give us the realistic notions of his behavior, as well as decoding the implications which have been included into the play through other literary devices, especially the disease imagery.The climax of a play or another narrative work, such as a short story or a novel, can be defined as the turning point at which the conflict begins to resolve itself for better or worse, or as the final and most exciting event in a series of events. The climax in King Lear occurs, according to the first definition, when Lear leaves Gloucesters castle during a violent storm after being rejected by his evil daughters, Goneril and Regan. According to the second definition, the climax occurs in the final act, when Goneril, Regan, and Edmund die and Lear comes to his senses, then falls and dies on the body of innocent Cordelia, who has been executed.The climax in The Tempest occurs, according to the first definition, in Act III, Scene III, when Ariel (appearing as a Harpy, a mythological monster with the head of a woman and the body of a bird) reveals Antonio, Alonso, and Sebastian as sinners who conspired to remove Prospero from his dukedom. According to the second definition, the climax occurs at the end of Act V when Ferdinand and his father are reunited, and all the enemies in the play become friends. You are three men of sin, whom Destiny,That hath to instrument this lower worldAnd what is int, the never-surfeited seaHath caused to belch up you; and on this islandWhere man doth not inhabit; you mongst menBeing most unfit to live. I have made you mad;And even with such-like valour men hang and drownTheir proper selves. (Act III, scene 3)ConclusionThe use of the Shakespeares four main literary conventions (soliloquy, aside, disease imagery and structural climax) a re the means of making the plays brighter and more understandable to the reader; moreover, these literary devices dont make the works understandable literally – they just clarify the implications which every author puts into his works. Shakespeare is not an exception – the deep sense of every word and sentence of the three plays described in the present work could not be revealed without using these literary conventions.Different literary conventions have different aims; while soliloquy is the analogy of the monologue (through the contemplation of the character actor on the scene, without any other actors present at the stage at this time), the aside, for example, is used with the presence of other actors, intentionally avoiding them to hear what the actor speaks, but making it heard by the audience. In this way the thoughts and contemplations of the character are seen as secret to other play participants. This is very beneficial device for the author when depicting th e plots in the plays (as it has been done in The Tempest).King Lear and Hamlet are very bright for the use of disease imagery, and this imagery goes as a whole line through both plays. This device is meant at depicting the inner world of the main characters, being morally sick, full of doubts and moral tortures.While the three previously described literary conventions can be avoided in any work of writing and are used by authors depending on what meaning they would like to carry to the reader, structural climax is the integral part of any play and is a part of the plays dramatic structure. This device is found in all three plays considered here and sometimes it is used for showing the characters of the play in the new (sometimes absolutely opposite) light.Works citedShakespeare, William   Hamlet. 1610. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. 10 May2007. http://shakespeare.mit.edu/hamlet/full.html

Free Essays on Joan Of ARC

Joan of Arc At a young age she began to hear â€Å"voices†- those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the king to be. Joan won the aid of Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the king forces in Vaucouleurs in obtaining an interview with the dauphin. She made the journey in male attire with six companions. When she met the king to be she conquered his skepticism as to her divine mission. Theologians at Poitiers examined her, and afterward Charles furnished her with troops. Her leadership provided spirit more than military help. In May 1429, she succeeded in raising the siege of Orleans, and in June she took other English posts on to other places and defeated the English at Patay. After a lot of persuasion the dauphin agreed to be crowned at Reims. Joan stood near him at his coronation. In September 1429 Joan unsuccessfully overtook paris. The following spring she went to let Compiegne go, but she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English who were eager to destroy her influence by putting her to death. Charles VII made no attempt to secure her freedom. In order to escape responsibility, the English turned her over to the ecclesiastical court at Rouen. She was tried for heresy and witchcraft before Pierre Cauchon. Her most serious crime was the claim of direct inspiration from God. In the eyes of the court this refusal to accept the church hierarchy constituted heresy. Throughout the long trial and imprisonment she fought her enemies. Only at the end of the trial did she repent. She was condemned to life imprisonment. Shortly afterward she took back her apology and was turned over to the secular court as a heretic and was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431 in Rouen. Charles VII made late recognition of her services by a rehabilitation trial in 1456 that annulled the proceedings of the original trial. Joan was beatified in 1909 and canonized i... Free Essays on Joan of Arc Free Essays on Joan of Arc Two Page Monograph about Joan of Arc When Joan of Arc is mentioned as a person, most people think of her accomplishments as a woman. While it’s true that most women at the time of Joan of Arc enjoyed less freedom and important roles then of girls of today, much of her importance was not because of her acting out of her role. Her fame was because of her role at the end of the Hundred Years War and the crowning of Charles VII. Joan grew up in France and grew up through the war. She started hearing voices at the age of 13. She stated that they had only told her to attend church and pray more. After a year or two the started telling her she must help the future king of France be crowned. HE had to be crowned at Reims by tradition, but at the time the English controlled it. If Joan did not purse these voices, the English would crown Henry VI when he was old enough. Joan then left her parents without telling them, and convinced the King of her mission. She was given an army who started the siege of Orleans, the first step to getting to Reims. She conquered, won, and the King was crowned. Shortly after her success started going downhill. She was captured in a town Compiegne when the drawbridge was raised. Her army had closed the gates to hastily, and she was left outside. She was arrested and n tried by the English court. She was found guilty, and was sentenced to burn at the stake. She was not charged with being a warrior or a woman. In fact, it was not uncommon for some women to fight in battles. In the poorer villages women often fought alongside their husbands as a necessity. Often their jobs were pouring hot oil and ashes on the attackers. It was because she had told the courts that she could talk to God, that she was killed. She was found to be heretical which was against the laws to be anything but the Kings religion at that time. Her sentenced was carried out. A peasant girl, her death was not glorified or honored. Due to he... Free Essays on Joan of Arc Joan of Arc At a young age she began to hear â€Å"voices†- those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the king to be. Joan won the aid of Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the king forces in Vaucouleurs in obtaining an interview with the dauphin. She made the journey in male attire with six companions. When she met the king to be she conquered his skepticism as to her divine mission. Theologians at Poitiers examined her, and afterward Charles furnished her with troops. Her leadership provided spirit more than military help. In May 1429, she succeeded in raising the siege of Orleans, and in June she took other English posts on to other places and defeated the English at Patay. After a lot of persuasion the dauphin agreed to be crowned at Reims. Joan stood near him at his coronation. In September 1429 Joan unsuccessfully overtook paris. The following spring she went to let Compiegne go, but she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English who were eager to destroy her influence by putting her to death. Charles VII made no attempt to secure her freedom. In order to escape responsibility, the English turned her over to the ecclesiastical court at Rouen. She was tried for heresy and witchcraft before Pierre Cauchon. Her most serious crime was the claim of direct inspiration from God. In the eyes of the court this refusal to accept the church hierarchy constituted heresy. Throughout the long trial and imprisonment she fought her enemies. Only at the end of the trial did she repent. She was condemned to life imprisonment. Shortly afterward she took back her apology and was turned over to the secular court as a heretic and was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431 in Rouen. Charles VII made late recognition of her services by a rehabilitation trial in 1456 that annulled the proceedings of the original trial. Joan was beatified in 1909 and canonized i... Free Essays on Joan Of ARC Joan of Arc Patriots, supporters of women’s rights, and even people who study the supernatural, admire Joan of Arc.(1world book) Not only is Joan admired by many, but she made significant contributions to history in three distinct areas: Joan ended the 100-year war between France and England, she showed the world that women could make a difference, and promoted the Catholic religion. First off, in the 15th century France was at a low point in its history, a war that seemed never ending between England, it was called the 100-year war. (2 Book) Joan of Arc, a simple peasant’s daughter, rose up against England, and helped France to overcome England’s claim to France’s throne. She claimed that she could hear voices telling her that she was the savior of France, and it was up to her to take up arms. Totally convinced that these voices were from God she joined the French army disguised as a man. She was sent by god to lead them to victory, she said. Just be sure you are right with God, attack, and victory will be yours. (3book) With this French knights fought behind this crazed woman. After considerable amounts of bloodshed, France reclaimed its title to the throne. Being the first woman ever to fight in the French army Joan of Arc proved that women could make a significant difference. Many may not believe this but Joan was one of the primary figures for women’s rights. Joan was very successful at taking command of an entire army and continuously leading them to victory. At first Joan disguised herself as a man, it was unheard of for a woman to fight in battle let alone be a commander of an army. She was injured during a battle and discovered to be a woman by the doctor examining her To his great surprise he found out his leader wasn’t a man but a courageous woman. From then on, people looked at Joan of Arc differently, but still trusted her with their lives. Finally Joan promoted the Catholic religion, w...

10 Lead Element Facts (Pb or Atomic Number 82)

10 Lead Element Facts (Pb or Atomic Number 82) Lead is a heavy metal you encounter in everyday life in solder, stained glass windows, and possibly your drinking water. Here are 10 lead element facts. Fast Facts: Lead Element Name: LeadElement Symbol: PbAtomic Number: 82Atomic Weight: 207.2Element Category: Basic Metal or Post-Transition MetalAppearance: Lead is a metallic gray solid at room temperature.Electron Configuration:  [Xe] 4f14  5d10  6s2  6p2Oxidation State: The most common oxidation state is 2, followed by 4. The 3, 1, 1-, 2-, and 4- states also occur. Interesting Lead Element Facts Lead has atomic number 82, which means each lead atom has 82 protons. This is the highest atomic number for the stable elements. Natural lead consists of a mixture of 4 stable isotopes, although radioisotopes also exist. The element name lead comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal.  Its chemical symbol is Pb, which is based on the word plumbum, the old Latin name for lead.Lead is a considered a basic metal or post-transition metal. It is a shiny blue-white metal when freshly cut, but oxidizes to a dull gray in air. It is a shiny chrome-silver when melted. While lead is dense, ductile, and malleable like many other metals, several of its properties are not what one would consider metallic. For example, the metal has a low melting point (327.46  oC)  and is a poor conductor of electricity.Lead is one of the metals that was known to ancient man. It is sometimes called the first metal (although the ancients also knew gold silver, and other metals). Alchemists associated the metal with the planet Saturn and quested for a way to transmute lead into gold. Over half the lead produced today is used in lead-acid car batteries. While lead does occur (rarely) in nature in its pure form, most of the lead produced today comes from recycled batteries. Lead is found in the mineral galena (PbS) and ores of copper, zinc, and silver.  Lead is highly toxic. The element primarily affects the central nervous system. It is particularly dangerous to babies and children, where lead exposure can stunt development. Lead is a cumulative poison. Unlike many toxins, there really is no safe exposure level to lead, even though it is present in many common materials.Lead is the only metal which exhibits zero Thomson effect. In other words, when an electrical current is passed through a sample of lead, heat is neither absorbed nor released.While modern scientists can readily distinguish most elements, it used to be difficult to tell lead and tin apart because the two metals share so many similar properties. So, for a long time the two elements were considered to be different forms of the same metal. The ancient Romans referred to lead as plumbum nigrum, which means black lead. They called tin plumbum candidum, which means bright lead. Wood pencils have never actually contained lead, even though lead is soft enough it could be used for writing. Pencil lead is a type of graphite the Romans called  plumbago, which means act for lead. The name stuck, even though the two materials are different. Lead is, however, related to graphite. Graphite is a form or allotrope of carbon. Lead belongs to the carbon family of elements.There are countless uses for lead. Because of its high corrosion resistance, the ancient Romans used it for plumbing. While this sounds like a dangerous practice, hard water forms scale inside pipes, lessening exposure to the toxic element. Even in modern times, lead solder has been common for welding plumbing fixtures. Lead has been added to gasoline to reduce engine knock, to face paints and paints used for toys and buildings, and even in cosmetics and foods (in the past) to add a sweet flavor. It is used to make stained glass, leaded crystal, fishing sinkers, radiation shields, bullets, scuba weig hts, roofing, ballasts, and statues. While once common as a paint additive and pesticide, lead compounds are less commonly used now because of their lingering toxicity. The sweet taste of the compounds makes them attractive to children and pets. The abundance of lead in the Earths crust is  14 parts per million by weight. The abundance in the solar system is  10 parts per billion by weight.

Malaysian Banks Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Malaysian Banks - Term Paper Example One of the most premiere cases where it is not shariah compliant that it most incur loss and gains in the house or business regardless of circumstances. A notable case was noted when an individual went to the Bank and said he cannot pay, but the bank refused to sell his house. This is completely against shariah in which the bank must split the loss. Hence, the concept of shariah finance is extremely hard because each country wants some revenue when it comes to financial securities. For the sake of assurance, most banks sugarcoat this with hidden fees and even charge a higher interest rate that are usually hidden in original clause terms. The concept of ‘service fee’ is highly demised because it is a vague term that all Malaysian banks utilized. Before understanding this issue, it is cognizant to understand the elements that surround Islamic Banking. Without a doubt, the Islamic law dictates that the asset must not be a ribawi material or in the medium exchange of gold, not silver. Additionally, a contract between two or more parties to accumulate in partnership. HSBC Malaysian bank also is one of these banks that is not shariah approved because of this issue. Another bank that is not confirm with the shariah standards is the fact Citibank Malaysia. Citibank Malaysia also offers these instruments along with the JP Morgan Malaysia Ltd. These banks financial statements dictate that these credit statements must be approved the counsel that is Shariah Compliant. Schroders Malaysia  is also under the same scrutiny as they sell bonds and other financial instruments that charge an interest rate and are not compatible with equal loss or gain since all payments for purchases are made in money. It is clear that not all banks have the understanding to conduct shariah and even do have an approval, tend to look for their own understanding of financial security. Additionally, the banks make it very clear in clause and terms that

Foreign policy issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foreign policy issue - Essay Example It became USA’s foreign concern as it holds the mandate to safeguard world peace with its permanent status at the United Nation Security Council States. The major concern of the United States government is the chemical weapon aspect. In a survey by special united nation chemical weapon department, it was evident Syria is involved in chemical warfare. As part of the united nation resolution, the country had to intervene. The stability of Syria will ensure a step forward towards war on terrorism as the instability creates a breading ground for terrorist, this is evident in other countries including Somalia where the civil war has resulted to emergence of Alshabaab a terror militant group allied to the al-Qaida (Global Research, 2013). Any security threat to the world usually affects the USA, which has been under threat of terrorist and other attacks since their entrance in Afghanistan and Iraq. In ensuring world peace, potential threats must be dealt with in accordance to the signed agreements of the United Nation Security Council signatories. As the interference with matters in Syria, the states government has elicit mixed reaction and brushed shoulders with countries in Asia and Eastern Europe. Russia and Turkey, according to CNN(2013) has termed USA planned invention to the Syrian state as disrespectful. The main problem with the upraising is that USA has had to leave with the fear of breaking ties with its allies and conflict between them and Russia. Domestically there has been divided opinion on measures to take while tackling the Syrian issues. The opposition had voted and suggested for military intervention towards the Syrian matter, which the democrats suggests for a diplomatic approach. With the threat of chemical warfare, there is need for actions in regards to the Syrian issues, as its impact is always catastrophic as was the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. While seeking a permanent

Steel Plant EAF Electrical System :: essays research papers

The modern steel plant receives low current, high voltage power from the generators of the electrical utility company. The purpose of the steel plant primary transformer is to step-down this voltage. The transformer thus provides high current, low voltage power for the EAF furnace. Large furnaces with transformers rated at 100MVA or higher is not uncommon. There are usually two stages to this process. The transformer first steps-down the voltage from high to medium levels. There are different standards for a â€Å"medium-level voltage† in different countries; usually between 30 to 33 kV for Europe and Japan, but for the USA it is usually 34.5 kV. Finally, a heavy duty furnace transformer powers the EAF. This special furnace transformer is designed to allow the electric arc to operate within the desired current and voltage range. To safeguard the EAF electrical system from the primary power supply are two types of switches: a vacuum switch and a motorized disconnect switch. These two switches are designed to isolate the EAF electrical system from the primary transformer in case of an emergency. Other electrical systems around the EAF are the delta closure, the power cables, the current conduction arm, and the electrode holders. The power cables provide a connection between the delta closure and the current conducting arm. It is usually made of copper wires, with a rubber water jacket around the outside for water-cooling the cables. The power cable is connected with the current conducting arm, usually made of copper clad steel or aluminum alloys. This system weighs a lot less than the old bus-bar design that a lot of the older furnaces used. The current conducting arm conducts current directly from the power cable to the electrode holders. The electrode holders must withstand thermal cycling (not so much for our furnace, since our furnace should have a continuous feed) and severe mechanical loading and wear due to vibrations, torsion forces and such.

Challenges of Hong Kong Essay

Topic: Challenges of Hong Kong’s full service airlines facing today This essay examines the challenges faced by Hong Kong’s full service airlines nowadays. Air transportation serves not only to encourage trade and growth in the tourism industry in Hong Kong, but also to improve people’s mobility and to form a modern society. In this essay, full service airline is defined as traditional airline that provides services such as allocated seat, transfer of baggage between flights, blankets and meals. Full service airlines suffer several challenges in the aspect of production cost for developing advanced system and competition with low-cost airlines nowadays. For this reason, I would like to investigate the challenges in depth according to the above aspects and figure out possible solutions. Challenge 1: Low-cost airline invasion In recent years, the airline industry has undergone a revolution caused by the growth in population of low-cost carriers, which are airlines that provide discounted fares and no-frills service to passengers, and the increase in the number of low-cost carriers caused a huge growth in departure and arrival of regional airports and established a brand new market in short-break tourism. While low-cost airlines are gaining an increased market share within the industry, the full-service airlines are struggling. Numbers of full-service airlines are on the edge of bankruptcy, and some even had to sign agreements or mergers to ensure their long-run existence. To compete with the no-frills airlines, some full service airlines had set up their own low-cost subsidiary, but a few of them ended up in operational losses, forced to sell their subsidiary. Pels (2008) describes full service airlines as aiming to offer ‘quality’, whereas no-frills carriers aim to keep costs low. He states that although it may be difficult for low-cost airlines to earn money on ticket sales, they may gain profit on board by selling snacks and beverages, and from the airports depart from or land on. Moreover, most low-cost airlines promote themselves for their transparency in the pricing system, thus keeping air travel remarkably affordable, despite the high cost of jet fuel. As low-fare airlines ‘invades’ the airline industry, full service airlines will not only encounter fare pressure, but will also have to progressively  fight with the upstarts for takeoff, landing slots and gate space in Hong Kong or other crowded airports in Asia. In order to encounter this challenge, the airline should emphasize on the services it provides, and focus on improving their flights operations both in the air and on the ground, utilizing optimum flight management procedures and providing customers with sustainable products and services, in order to compete with the rising trend of low-cost airlines. Challenge 2: Managing destinations Full service airlines use the Hub and Spoke System, which enables passengers to travel from one smaller city to another smaller city via a hub or even two hubs. This system not only service more cities at a lower cost, but also maximizes passenger loads, thus saving fuels. Low-cost airlines use ‘simple’ point-to-point networks, as they operate routes which originate or end at a major airport, which allows them to enter any market they see fit. Thus, if the route turns out to be unprofitable, the low-cost carrier will close it down. According to Pels (2008), full service airlines cannot easily withdraw from a market, even if it is hardly profitable, because a full-service carrier’s link between a hub airport and spoke airport serves many different indirect markets. If this route is closed because of the decrease in load factor due to competition on the market between the hub airports and spoke airports, passengers and profits, in all other markets using this link a re lost. According to a survey by the Company Barclaycard, a relatively large number of the business travellers (71%) used low-cost airlines for business trips. This indicates that passenger preferences may be shifting to low-cost, less service airlines. The low-cost carrier attracts passengers from the full-service airlines, thus causes competition and reduces load factors and profits for the full-service airlines. In order to solve this problem, full-service airlines can offer more low-fare tickets on short-haul routes, and use short-haul routes as feeders for the global markets where they make most profits. Even though the competition for indirect travellers is very intense, they will allow conventional airlines to maintain a large network with relatively high frequencies. Challenge 3: Investment on the advanced technology With the rapid development in advanced technologies and popular use in mobile gadgets, reserving a seat on the plane is just one click ahead. Simply by browsing the website of their desired airline, customers will be able to get all the relevant information they will need to plan their trip, including the list of fares in specific dates and allocation of the seats on the aircraft. In addition, systems like automatic airport check-ins and ticketless air travel are getting more popular, and will be the future trends in the airline industry. Therefore, in order to provide the passengers accessibility in online reservations and to build up the image of a green airline, investments are needed to be made on improving the systems. Acknowledging the numerous benefits provided by the internet, airlines have been investing resources in their websites. Standing (2000) claimed that the Web has changed from pushing firms and services to pulling clients into value-added opportunities that a company provides. Airlines do not only compete among each other, they also compete with online travel agents such as Expedia. Thus, to solve this challenge, the airlines should entice travellers to book their trips via the airline’s website, by providing extra benefits to customers when they purchase online. Conclusion To summarize, the challenges that full service airlines in Hong Kong faced are the rising of low-cost airlines, the managing of destinations and huge investments made on developing and improving the systems for reservation and check-ins. It is crucial for airlines to understand that when passengers purchase an airline seat, they are not just paying for a seat in the aircraft; they also purchase the service behind. In order to attract a consumer’s attention, benefits or attributes of using full service airlines and low cost carriers such as price, safety, network connections, and service will be important. REFERENCES: Cooper C. and et al. (1999) Tourism: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed., Longman Publishing: Harlow. Driver, J. (1999). Developments in airline marketing practice. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 5 (5), 134–150. Law, R. & Leung, R. (2000). A Study of Airlines’ Online Reservation Services on the Internet. Journal of Travel Research, 39 (2), 202-211. Moiseiwitsch, J. (2012). Budget airlines find Hong Kong a tough market to crack. In South China Morning Post. Retrieved November 6, 2014 from http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1404255/budget-airlines-find-hong-kong-tough-market-crack Pels, E. (2008). Airline network competition: Full-service airlines, low-cost airlines and long-haul markets. Research in Transportation Economics, 24 (1), 68-74. Sigala M. (2003) The Information and Communication Technologies Productivity Impact on the UK Hotel Sector, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 23(10), 1224-45. Wang, J. & Lee, S. (2014). Asia’s Budget Airline Invasion. In Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved November 6, 2014 from http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-13/asias-budget-airline-invasion-cathay-pacific-defends-hong-kong